Virginia Nightingale

Virginia Nightingale is Associate Professor in the School of Communication, Design and Media at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. Her research focuses on audience theory and research practice. She is the author of Studying Audiences: The Shock of the Real (1996).

Karen Ross is Reader in Mass Communications at Coventry University, UK. She has published extensively in the broad area of audience identities. Her recent books include Mapping the Margins (2003), Women, Politics, Media (2002) and Black and White Media (1996).